Trains, Buses & IC Cards in Japan: Guide for Foreign Residents [2026]

Japan's public transportation is among the world's most punctual and convenient, but it can be confusing at first. This guide covers IC cards, how to board trains and buses, taking the Shinkansen, and the best transit apps.

① Getting an IC card (Suica or PASMO)

IC cards are contactless prepaid cards accepted on trains, buses, and at many convenience stores nationwide. Suica (JR East) and PASMO (private railways and buses) are the most common, and they are interchangeable across Japan.

② How to ride a train or subway

1. Plan your route: Use Google Maps or the Jorudan/Yahoo Transit app — enter your origin and destination.
2. Enter through the ticket gate: Touch your IC card on the reader (or insert your paper ticket). Gates open automatically.
3. Wait on the platform: Stand in line at the marked boarding positions. Let passengers exit first, then board.
4. On board: Keep quiet. Phone calls are discouraged; set your phone to silent near priority seats.
5. Exit: Touch your IC card on the exit gate. If the balance is insufficient, use the "fare adjustment machine" (精算機) inside the gate to top up.

③ How to ride a bus

Japanese buses use two fare systems:

• Front-door boarding, pay on entry (flat fare): Board at the front door and tap your IC card or pay cash immediately (common in Tokyo for city buses).
• Rear-door boarding, pay on exit (distance fare): Board at the back, take a numbered slip (整理券), and pay the corresponding fare at the front when you exit.

④ Taking the Shinkansen (bullet train)

The Shinkansen has its own dedicated ticket gates, separate from regular trains. Tickets should be purchased in advance.

• Reserved seats (指定席): Guaranteed seat — buy at ticket offices, machines, or online (Smart EX / Eki-net).
• Non-reserved seats (自由席): No seat assignment — may be standing during busy periods.
• IC card option: Smart EX links your Suica to Shinkansen tickets on the Tokaido/Sanyo lines.

⑤ Useful transit apps

• Google Maps: Multilingual, real-time updates, covers all modes of transport.
• Yahoo! Transit: Very detailed for Japan — timetables, crowding info.
• NAVITIME: Great for tourist destinations; English version available.

FAQ

What is the difference between Suica and PASMO?Both are interchangeable IC cards for trains, buses, and convenience stores nationwide. Suica is issued by JR East; PASMO by private railways. Either works everywhere.

What if I lose my IC card?Named cards can be re-issued at the issuing company's ticket office. Your balance and commuter pass data can be recovered (fee ~¥510). Unnamed cards cannot be recovered.

What if I run out of balance at the exit gate?Use the fare adjustment machine (精算機) inside the gate to top up your IC card, then exit.

Can I make change on a bus?Most buses have a change machine in the fare box for ¥1,000 bills. Using an IC card avoids the need for exact change.

Can I ride the Shinkansen with just an IC card?On the Tokaido/Sanyo Shinkansen via Smart EX, yes. Other lines vary. Check in advance for your specific route.